Image below shows the block diagram of a discrete-time system.

$$\begin{align*} H_1(z) &=\dfrac{0.2z^{-1}}{z^{-1}-0.21z^{-2}} \\ H_2(z) &=\dfrac{0.1z^{-1}}{1-1.1z^{-1}+0.3z^{-2}} \\ H_3(z) &=\dfrac{0.3z^{-1}}{1-0.4z^{-1}} \end{align*}$$

The block diagram of a third-order nonlinear discrete time system adopted by Fakhouri for identification evaluation is shown below.

$$\begin{align*} H_1(z) &=\dfrac{0.1z^{-1}}{1-0.5z^{-1}} \\ H_2(z) &=\dfrac{0.1z^{-1}}{1-1.3z^{-1}+0.42z^{-2}} \\ H_3(z) &=\dfrac{1.0z^{-1}}{1-0.7z^{-1}} \end{align*}$$

The following CSTR system developed by Liu(1967). The reaction is exothermic first-order, $A \rightarrow B$, and is given by the following mass and energy balances. One should notice that the energy balance includes cooling water jacket dynamics. The following model was identified using regression techniques on the energy balance equations:

$$\begin{align*} y(k) &= 1.3187y(k-1) - 0.2214y(k-2) - 0.1474y(k-3) \\ &- 8.6337u(k-1) + 2.9234u(k-2) + 1.2493u(k-3) \\ &- 0.0858y(k-1)u(k-1) + 0.0050y(k-2)u(k-1) \\ &+ 0.0602y(k-2)u(k-2) + 0.0035y(k-3)u(k-1) \\ &- 0.0281y(k-3)u(k-2) + 0.0107y(k-3)u(k-3). \end{align*}$$

This particular laboratory-scale process simulates the actual industrial problems in tension and speed controls as they occur in magnetic tape drives, textile machines, paper mills, strip metal production plants, etc. To simulate these problems. the coupled electric drives consists of two similar servo-motors which drive a jockey pulley via a continuous flexible belt (see attached image).The jockey pulley assembly constitutes a simulated work station. The basic control problem is to regulate the belt speed and tension by varying the two servo-motor torque.

The structure of the transfer function matrix model (numerator and denominator orders of each transfer function) have been determined from the theoretical modelling of the coupled electric drive system which has given

$$\begin{bmatrix} Y_1(s)\\ Y_2(s) \end{bmatrix} =G(s) \begin{bmatrix} U_1(s)\\ U_2(s) \end{bmatrix}$$

with

$ G(s) = \begin{bmatrix} \dfrac{b_{1,1,0}}{s^2+a_{11}s+a_{12}} & \dfrac{b_{1,2,0}}{s^2+a_{11}s+a_{12}}\\ \dfrac{b_{2,1,0}s+b_{2,1,1}}{s^3+a_{21}s^2+a_{22}s+a_{23}} & \dfrac{b_{2,2,0}}{s^3+a_{21}s^2+a_{22}s+a_{23}} \end{bmatrix} $

The inputs $U(s)$ to the system are the drive voltages to the servo-motor power amplifiers. The outputs $Y_1(s)$ and $Y_2(s)$ are the jockey pulley velocity and the belt tension respectively.

Consider a pendulum system with Coulomb friction and external perturbation

$$ \ddot {\theta} = \frac{1}{J}u - \frac{g}{L}\sin \theta - \frac{V_s}{J}\dot{\theta } - \frac{P_s}{J}\mathrm{sgn}(\dot{\theta}) + \upsilon, $$

where parameters have the following values $M=1.1$, $L=0.9$, $J=ML^2=0.891$, $V_s=0.18$, $P_s=0.18$, $P_s=0.45$, $g=9.815$, and $v$ is an uncertain external perturbation $|\upsilon| \leq 1$.