Isothermal Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

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Chemical Reactor Model

Model description: 

The following two-dimensional single-input single-output system represents a chemical reactor model

$$\begin{align*} \dot{x}_1 &= u(Ce -x_1) - rx_1 \\ \dot{x}_2 &= rx_1 - ux_2 \\ y &= x_1 - x_2, \end{align*}$$

where coefficients are in $\mathbb{R}$, $x_1$ and $x_2$ denote the reactant and product concentrations, respectively. The input $u$ corresponds to the input flow of reactant, $r$ and $C_e$ denote kinetic and reactor parameters.

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TitleObserver Synthesis for a Class of Bilinear Systems: a Differential Algebraic Approach
Publication TypeConference Paper
Year of Publication1994
AuthorsMartinez-Guerra, R., and De Leon-Morales J.
Conference NameProceedings of the 33rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 1994.
Date Published12/1994
PublisherIEEE
Conference LocationConference Location : Lake Buena Vista, FL
ISBN Number0-7803-1968-0
Accession Number5016344
Keywordsalgebra, bilinear systems, differential equations, observers
AbstractA differential algebraic approach is proposed for the estimation of the state of a class of bilinear systems. An exponential observer is easily constructed for a single output observable bilinear system class (in the observability sense of Diop and Fliess, 1991). An application to a chemical reactor model is given.
DOI10.1109/CDC.1994.411167

Laboratory Scale Liquid Level System

Model description: 

The system consists of a DC water pump feeding a conical flask which in turn feeds a square tank, giving the system second-order dynamics. The controllable input is the voltage to the pump motor and the system output is the height of the water in the conical flask. The aim, under simulation conditions, is for the water height to follow some demand signal. The plant model was identified as

$$\begin{align*}z(t) &=0.9722z(t-1)+0.3578u(t-1)-0.1295u(t-2)-\\ &-0.3103z(t-1)u(t-1)-0.04228z^6(t-2)+0.1663z(t-2)u(t-2)+\\ &+0.2573z(t-2)e(t-1)-0.03259z^2(t-1)z(t-2) - 0.3513z^2(t-1)u(t-2)+\\ &+0.3084z(t-1)z(t-2)u(t-2)+0.2939z^2(t-2)e(t-1)+\\ &+0.1087z(t-2)u(t-1)u(t-2)+0.4770z(t-2)u(t-1)e(t-1)+\\ &+0.6389u^2(t-2)e(t-1)+e(t), \end{align*}$$

where $e(t)$ is a noise.

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2

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Publication details: 

TitleSelf-tuning control of non-linear ARMAX models
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication1990
AuthorsSales, K. R., and Billings S. A.
JournalInternational Journal of Control
Volume51
Issue4
Pagination753-769
Date Published01/1990
ISSN1366-5820
AbstractA control-weighted self-tuning minimum-variance controller with a non-linear difference equation structure is described. An extended recursive least-squares estimation algorithm is employed to provide the adaptiveness. Performance analysis of the controller is discussed in terms of a cumulative loss function and high-order correlation functions of the system input, output and residuai sequences. Simulation results from an experiment using a model identified from a real system are also provided.
DOI10.1080/00207179008934096

Three Heated Rooms

Model description: 

Consider three heated rooms depicted in the attached image. The first room can be heated directly by the input $u^1$, the heat transfer into the room. The other two rooms are heated via two boilers with the inputs $u^2$ and $u^3$ respectively. The temperature of each room is described by $x^1$, $x^2$, and $x^3$ respectively, the temperature of each boiler by $x^4$ and $x^5$. The heat emission of each room is considered as a nonlinear function of the room temperature. With $x = (x^1,\ldots, x^5)^{\mathrm T}$ the the nonlinear system has the form

$$\dot{x}=\begin{pmatrix} -c_0(x^2-T_0)-c_1(x^1-T_0)^2\\ -c_0(x^2-T_0)-c1(x^2-T_0)^2 + c_2(x^4-x^2)\\ -c_0(x^3-T_0)-c1(x^3-T_0)^2 + c_2(x^5-x^3)\\ -c_2(x^4-x^2)\\ -c_2(x^5-x^3) \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} u^1\\ u^2\\ u^3 \end{pmatrix}, $$

where $c_0$, $c_1$, and $c_2$ are parameters for the heat transmission, and $T_0$ is the temperature outside of the rooms. We will choose our parameters so that the time is measured in hours and $x^i$ is measured in Kelvin. The state manifold is $\mathcal{M}= \mathbb{R}^5$, and the coupling conditions are

$y=h(x)=\begin{pmatrix}x^1-x^2\\x^1-x^3\end{pmatrix}=0,$

i.e. the temperature of the three rooms should be equal.

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5

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TitleAttractive Invariant Submanifold-based Coupling Controller Design
Publication TypeConference Paper
Year of Publication2011
AuthorsLabisch, Daniel, and Konigorski Ulrich
Conference Name2011 50th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control and European Control Conference (CDC-ECC) Orlando, FL, USA
Date Published12/2011
PublisherIEEE
Conference LocationOrlando, FL
ISBN Number978-1-61284-800-6
Accession Number12590357
Keywordscontrol system synthesis, multivariable control systems, nonlinear control systems
AbstractIn this paper, we provide an algorithm for the design of a coupling controller for a nonlinear input-affine system. The resulting controller renders the maximal locally controlled invariant output-nulling submanifold locally attractive for the controlled system. The connections to the constrained dynamics algorithm and the triangular decoupling problem are presented, and necessary and sufficient conditions for the success of the new algorithm are derived.
DOI10.1109/CDC.2011.6160421

Isothermal Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

Model description: 

$$\begin{align*} \dot x_1 &= -k_1x_1 - k_3x_1^2 + u(c - x_1) \\ \dot x_2 &= k_1x_1 - k_2x_2 - ux_2 \\ y &= x_2, \end{align*}$$

where $c$ and $x_1$ are the concentrations of the input and reactant substance, $x_2$ is the concentration of the desired output product, $u$ is the normalized input flow rate of the reactant substance. The output $y$ here reflects the grade of the final product. The parameters $k_1, k_2, k_3$ and $c$ are positive constants under the isothermal considered conditions.

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TitleFlatness-based optimal noncausal output transitions for constrained nonlinear systems: case study on an isothermal continuously stirred tank reactor
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2005
AuthorsWang, G.L., and Allgower F.
JournalIEE Proceedings Control Theory and Applications
Volume152
Start Page105
Issue1
Pagination105–112
Date Published01/2005
ISSN1350-2379
Accession Number8307340
Keywordschemical reactors, control system synthesis, feedforward, nonlinear control systems, optimal control
Abstract

The issue of optimal output transition control for nonlinear differential flat systems with constraints is investigated. Of special interest is the generation of a state reference trajectory and a feedforward input, which are essential to the two-degree-of-freedom design. The proposed approach is to transfer the transition problem in the real output space into a trajectory planning issue in the flat output space. The distinguishing feature of our approach is the generation of a noncausal trajectory for the flat output. This approach is shown to be highly effective in creating performance improvements. It should also be noted that the proposed methodology guarantees that the planned trajectories are feasible for all nonlocal transitions. This allows the application of stable inversion in the planning of optimal output transitions. The proposed method is illustrated on a benchmark system, the isothermal continuous stirred tank reactor, although its applicability is much wider.

DOI10.1049/ip-cta:20041162

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